@Article{SouzaAlva:2014:ObEvUr,
               author = "Souza, Diego Oliveira de and Alval{\'a}, Regina C{\'e}lia dos 
                         Santos",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Observational evidence of the urban heat island of Manaus City, 
                         Brazil",
              journal = "Meteorological Applications",
                 year = "2014",
               volume = "21",
               number = "2",
                pages = "186--193",
             keywords = "urban heat island,temperature,Amazon,urbanization.",
             abstract = "This work examined observationally the Urban Heat Island (UHI) of 
                         Manaus city, Brazil. For this, data collected from two different 
                         sites, in an urban area and from a region of forest about 30 km 
                         from city, for the period of 20002008, were used. The results show 
                         that the urban environment creates a local increase in temperature 
                         and a decrease in relative humidity. The annual average observed 
                         between the urban and forest sites can reach differences of 
                         temperatures around 3 °C and relative humidity close to 1.7%. An 
                         interesting feature of the UHI of Manaus is associated with a 
                         diurnal cycle that differs from other studies for different 
                         locations in the world, with two peaks of highest intensity, one 
                         at 0800 LST and one between the 1500 and 1700 LST. It also 
                         highlighted that the urban area tends to heat first and more 
                         slowly and cool down later and faster than the forest, which 
                         explains the distinct behaviour of the diurnal cycle of the UHI. 
                         The obtained knowledge of the Manaus UHI allows the implementation 
                         of policies and methodologies that aim to improve the quality of 
                         life and comfort of large urban cities, such as those studied.",
                  doi = "10.1002/met.1340",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1340",
                 issn = "1350-4827",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}